History of Ancient Israel

Israel and Judah were related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant. The Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah, emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE[1] and enjoyed a period of prosperity as a client-state of first Assyria and then Babylon before a revolt against the Neo-Babylonian Empire led to its destruction in 586 BCE. Following the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, some Judean exiles returned to Jerusalem, inaugurating the formative period in the development of a distinctive Judahite identity in the Persian province of Yehud. Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent Hellenistic kingdoms that followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, but in the 2nd century BCE the Judaeans revolted against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire and created the Hasmonean kingdom. This, the last nominally independent Judean kingdom, came to an end in 63 BCE with its conquest by Pompey of Rome. With the installation of client kingdoms under the Herodian Dynasty, the Kingdom of Israel was wracked by civil disturbances which culminated in the First Jewish–Roman War, the destruction of the Temple, the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity.

Israel dan Yehuda terkait kerajaan Iron Age of Levant kuno. Kerajaan Israel muncul sebagai kekuatan lokal yang penting oleh SM abad ke-10 sebelum jatuh ke Kekaisaran Neo-Asyur di 722 SM. tetangga selatan Israel, Kerajaan Yehuda, muncul di SM abad ke-8 atau 9 [1] dan menikmati masa kemakmuran sebagai klien-negara Asyur pertama dan kemudian Babel sebelum pemberontakan terhadap Neo-Babilonia Empire menyebabkan kehancuran di 586 SM. Setelah jatuhnya Babel kepada raja Persia Cyrus Agung pada 539 SM, beberapa orang buangan Yudea kembali ke Yerusalem, meresmikan periode formatif dalam pengembangan identitas Judahite khas di provinsi Persia Yehud. Yehud diserap ke dalam kerajaan Helenistik berikutnya yang diikuti penaklukan Alexander Agung, namun pada abad ke-2 SM orang Yudea memberontak terhadap Helenis Kekaisaran Seleukia dan menciptakan kerajaan Hasmonean. , Yang terakhir kerajaan Yudea nominal independen ini, berakhir di 63 SM dengan penaklukan oleh Pompey dari Roma. Dengan pemasangan kerajaan klien di bawah Dinasti Herodes, Kerajaan Israel didera oleh gangguan sipil yang memuncak dalam Perang Pertama Yahudi-Romawi, penghancuran Kuil, munculnya Rabinik Yudaisme dan Kristen Awal.